Sport officials' strategies for managing interactions with players: Face-work on the front-stage

Cunningham, Ian; Simmons, Peter; Mascarenhas, Duncan

Abstract

Communication is central to managing perceptions of fairness and performance in sport officiating. Most of the few studies that focus on sport official communication have been limited to ‘one-way’ impressions and decision communication and tend to neglect more dynamic, dialogic interactions with players. This study explored sport officials' identity concerns and motivations and ways officials adapt and accommodate ‘face’ in interactions with players.
Design
Qualitative methodology.
Method
Video elicitation interviews using an allo-confrontation approach were conducted with 8 male and 6 female sport officials from 7 different team sports representing novice to professional levels. Goffman's (1959; 1967) dramaturgical sociology of interaction was used to frame identity projections and context in officials' communication management strategies.
Findings
Analysis of interview transcripts revealed three distinct ways officials' face concerns emerge and are managed in interactions with players including (1) anticipating players' reactions and modifying presentation of self, (2) asserting and preserving the officials' own face, and (3) giving and restoring players' face. When incompatible interactional exchanges occur in sport matches, officials use different defensive and corrective face-work strategies to assert, re-establish, or appropriate face statuses for themselves and players.
Conclusions
The findings highlight the importance of dynamics and context in sport official communication. They also emphasise the need to maintain relationships, preserve and protect identities, whilst being strategic in interactions with players. We conclude that new conceptualisations are needed in sport official communication to build on current ‘one-way’ concepts that dominate officiating research and training.

Citation

Cunningham, I., Simmons, P., & Mascarenhas, D. (2018). Sport officials' strategies for managing interactions with players: Face-work on the front-stage. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, 154-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.009

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Aug 21, 2018
• Online Publication Date: Aug 23, 2018
• Publication Date: Nov 30, 2018
• Deposit Date: Nov 15, 2018
• Publicly Available Date: Nov 15, 2018
• Journal: Psychology of Sport and Exercise
• Print ISSN: 1469-0292
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 39
• Pages: 154-162
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.009
• Keywords: sport official, referee, communication, social interaction, allo-confrontation
• Public URL: http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/1285278
• Contract Date: Nov 15, 2018