All Outputs (24)

Evaluating the Energy Costs of SHA-256 and SHA-3 (KangarooTwelve) in Resource-Constrained IoT Devices (2025)
Journal Article
Baird, I., Wadhaj, I., Ghaleb, B., Thomson, C., & Russell, G. (2025). Evaluating the Energy Costs of SHA-256 and SHA-3 (KangarooTwelve) in Resource-Constrained IoT Devices. IoT, 6(3), Article 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/iot6030040

The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has heightened the demand for lightweight and secure cryptographic mechanisms suitable for resource-constrained environments. While SHA-256 remains a widely used standard, the emergence of SHA-3... Read More about Evaluating the Energy Costs of SHA-256 and SHA-3 (KangarooTwelve) in Resource-Constrained IoT Devices.

TrustShare: Secure and Trusted Blockchain Framework for Threat Intelligence Sharing (2025)
Journal Article
Ali, H., Buchanan, W. J., Ahmad, J., Abubakar, M., Khan, M. S., & Wadhaj, I. (2025). TrustShare: Secure and Trusted Blockchain Framework for Threat Intelligence Sharing. Future Internet, 17(7), Article 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17070289

We introduce TrustShare, a novel blockchain-based framework designed to enable secure, privacy-preserving, and trust-aware cyber threat intelligence (CTI) sharing across organizational boundaries. Leveraging Hyperledger Fabric, the architecture suppo... Read More about TrustShare: Secure and Trusted Blockchain Framework for Threat Intelligence Sharing.

A Systematic Review of the Blockchain Technology Security Challenges and Threats Classification (2025)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Abubakar, M. A., Onyeashie, B. I., Wadhaj, I., Leimich, P., Ali, H., & Buchanan, W. J. (2024, November). A Systematic Review of the Blockchain Technology Security Challenges and Threats Classification. Presented at 6th International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA 2024), Dubai, UAE

This study provides a comprehensive overview of blockchain technology, discusses its characteristics, and explains the hierarchical structure of the blockchain. Additionally, the study provides an in-depth analysis of various security threats and vul... Read More about A Systematic Review of the Blockchain Technology Security Challenges and Threats Classification.

Securing IoT: Mitigating Sybil Flood Attacks with Bloom Filters and Hash Chains (2024)
Journal Article
Baird, I., Ghaleb, B., Wadhaj, I., Russell, G., & Buchanan, W. J. (2024). Securing IoT: Mitigating Sybil Flood Attacks with Bloom Filters and Hash Chains. Electronics, 13(17), Article 3467. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13173467

In the evolving landscape of the Internet of Things (IoT), ensuring the security and integrity of data transmission remains a paramount challenge. Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is commonly utilized in IoT networks to facili... Read More about Securing IoT: Mitigating Sybil Flood Attacks with Bloom Filters and Hash Chains.

Impact Analysis of Security Attacks on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) (2024)
Journal Article
Baird, I., Wadhaj, I., Ghaleb, B., & Thomson, C. (2024). Impact Analysis of Security Attacks on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Electronics, 13(16), Article 3314. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163314

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) offer a decentralized communication solution ideal for infrastructure-less environments like disaster relief zones. However, their inherent lack of central control and dynamic topology make them vulnerable to attacks.... Read More about Impact Analysis of Security Attacks on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs).

Safeguarding IoT Systems: Novel Authentication Method to Counteract Sybil and Flood Attacks (2024)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Baird, I., Ghaleb, B., Wadhaj, I., Russell, G., & Buchanan, W. J. (2024, June). Safeguarding IoT Systems: Novel Authentication Method to Counteract Sybil and Flood Attacks. Presented at 4th International Conference on Robotics and Control Engineering, Edinburgh

This paper introduces an innovative strategy for countering Sybil and DODAG Information Solicitation (DIS) flood attacks within lightweight Internet of Things (IoT) networks. The proposed method combines a one-way hash chain with a Bloom filter, leve... Read More about Safeguarding IoT Systems: Novel Authentication Method to Counteract Sybil and Flood Attacks.

A Comparative Study of VANET Routing Protocols for Safety Applications (2023)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Coyle, K., Thomson, C., Wadhaj, I., & Ghaleb, B. (2023, November). A Comparative Study of VANET Routing Protocols for Safety Applications. Presented at 2023 IEEE 28th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD), Edinburgh

The rapid advancement of vehicular communication technologies has led to the emergence of Vehicular AdHoc Networks (VANETs), which hold immense potential for improving road safety and traffic efficiency. VANETs enable vehicles to communicate with eac... Read More about A Comparative Study of VANET Routing Protocols for Safety Applications.

The Mobile Attacks Under Internet of Things Networks (2023)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Kean, C., Ghaleb, B., Mcclelland, B., Ahmad, J., Wadhaj, I., & Thomson, C. (2022, September). The Mobile Attacks Under Internet of Things Networks. Presented at International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Intelligent Systems, Online

Since the introduction of the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), its security aspects have been the focus of the scientific community who reported several security flaws that left the protocol vulnerable for several attacks. In... Read More about The Mobile Attacks Under Internet of Things Networks.

An Overview of Blockchain-Based IoT Architectures and Designs (2023)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Abubakar, M., Ali, H., Ghaleb, B., Wadhaj, I., & Buchanan, W. J. (2022, September). An Overview of Blockchain-Based IoT Architectures and Designs. Presented at International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Intelligent Systems, Online

In recent years there has been an increased interest in the internet of things and blockchain in both industry and academia. The blockchain is quickly becoming an important technology that will fundamentally alter the method in which people exchange... Read More about An Overview of Blockchain-Based IoT Architectures and Designs.

A Testing Methodology for the Internet of Things Affordable IP Cameras (2022)
Book Chapter
Dzwigala, G., Ghaleb, B., Aldhaheri, T. A., Wadhaj, I., Thomson, C., & Al-Zidi, N. M. (2022). A Testing Methodology for the Internet of Things Affordable IP Cameras. In H. Sharma, V. Shrivastava, K. Kumari Bharti, & L. Wang (Eds.), . Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2130-8_37

IP cameras are becoming a cheaper and more convenient option for a lot of households, whether it being for outdoor, indoor security, or as baby or pet monitors. Their security, however, is often lacking, and there is currently no testbed that focuses... Read More about A Testing Methodology for the Internet of Things Affordable IP Cameras.

On reliable and secure RPL (routing protocol low-power and lossy networks) based monitoring and surveillance in oil and gas fields (2022)
Thesis
Wadhaj, I. On reliable and secure RPL (routing protocol low-power and lossy networks) based monitoring and surveillance in oil and gas fields. (Thesis by Publication). Edinburgh Napier University

Different efforts have been made to specify protocols and algorithms for the successful operation of the Internet of things Networks including, for instance, the Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) and Linear Sensor Networks (LSNs). Into such efforts... Read More about On reliable and secure RPL (routing protocol low-power and lossy networks) based monitoring and surveillance in oil and gas fields.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in Oil and Gas Industry: Applications, Requirements and Existing Solutions (2021)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Wadhaj, I., Ghaleb, B., & Thomson, C. (2021, June). Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in Oil and Gas Industry: Applications, Requirements and Existing Solutions. Presented at International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Intelligent Systems (ICETIS 2021), Online

Effective measurement and monitoring of certain parameters (temperature, pressure, flow etc.) is crucial for the safety and optimization of processes in the Oil and Gas Industry. Wired sensors have been extensively utilized for this purpose but are c... Read More about Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in Oil and Gas Industry: Applications, Requirements and Existing Solutions.

An RPL based Optimal Sensors placement in Pipeline Monitoring WSNs (2021)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Wadhaj, I., Thomson, C., & Ghaleb, B. (2021, June). An RPL based Optimal Sensors placement in Pipeline Monitoring WSNs. Presented at International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Intelligent Systems (ICETIS 2021), Online

Compared to an ordinary sensor network, Linear Sensor Networks (LSNs) has many applications in a number of areas such as surveillance and monitoring of international boundaries for illegal crossing, river environment monitoring and roads monitoring e... Read More about An RPL based Optimal Sensors placement in Pipeline Monitoring WSNs.

A Mobility Aware Duty Cycling and Preambling Solution for Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Sink Node (2021)
Journal Article
Thomson, C., Wadhaj, I., Tan, Z., & Al-Dubai, A. (2021). A Mobility Aware Duty Cycling and Preambling Solution for Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Sink Node. Wireless Networks, 27(5), 3423-3439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02580-8

Utilising the mobilisation of a sink node in a wireless sensor network to combat the energy hole, or hotspot issue, is well referenced. However, another issue , that of energy spikes may remain. With the mobile sink node potentially communicating wit... Read More about A Mobility Aware Duty Cycling and Preambling Solution for Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Sink Node.

Towards an Energy Balancing Solution for Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Sink Node (2021)
Journal Article
Thomson, C., Wadhaj, I., Tan, Z., & Al-Dubai, A. (2021). Towards an Energy Balancing Solution for Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Sink Node. Computer Communications, 170, 50-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2021.01.011

The issue of energy holes, or hotspots, in wireless sensor networks is well referenced. As is the proposed mobilisation of the sink node in order to combat this. However, as the mobile sink node may communicate with some nodes more than others, issue... Read More about Towards an Energy Balancing Solution for Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Sink Node.

A New Mobility Aware Duty Cycling and Dynamic Preambling Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network (2020)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Thomson, C., Wadhaj, I., Al-Dubai, A., & Tan, Z. (2020, April). A New Mobility Aware Duty Cycling and Dynamic Preambling Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network. Presented at IEEE 6th World Forum on Internet of Things, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

The issue of energy holes, or hotspots, in wireless sensor networks is well referenced. As is the proposed mobilisa-tion of the sink node in order to combat this. However, as the sink node shall still pass some nodes more closely and frequently than... Read More about A New Mobility Aware Duty Cycling and Dynamic Preambling Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network.

Mitigation Mechanisms Against the DAO Attack on the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) (2020)
Journal Article
Wadhaj, I., Ghaleb, B., Thomson, C., Al-Dubai, A., & Buchanan, W. J. (2020). Mitigation Mechanisms Against the DAO Attack on the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). IEEE Access, 8, 43665-43675. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2977476

Destination Advertisement Objects (DAOs) are sent upward by RPL nodes toward the DODAG root, to build the downward routing paths carrying traffic from the root to its associated nodes. This routing mechanism can be exploited by a malicious node perio... Read More about Mitigation Mechanisms Against the DAO Attack on the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL).

Mobility Aware Duty Cycling Algorithm (MADCAL) in Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Sink Node (2019)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Thomson, C., Wadhaj, I., Tan, Z., & Al-Dubai, A. (2019, August). Mobility Aware Duty Cycling Algorithm (MADCAL) in Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Sink Node. Presented at 2019 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things, Tianjin, China

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) the use of Mobile Sink Nodes (MSNs) has been proposed in order to negate the ”hotspot” issue. This where nodes closest to the sink node shall run out of energy fastest, affecting network lifetime. However, in using... Read More about Mobility Aware Duty Cycling Algorithm (MADCAL) in Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Sink Node.

Mobility Aware Duty Cycling Algorithm (MADCAL) A Dynamic Communication Threshold for Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Network (2019)
Journal Article
Thomson, C., Wadhaj, I., Tan, Z., & Al-Dubai, A. (2019). Mobility Aware Duty Cycling Algorithm (MADCAL) A Dynamic Communication Threshold for Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Network. Sensors, 19(22), Article 4930. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224930

The hotspot issue in wireless sensor networks, with nodes nearest the sink node losing energy fastest and degrading network lifetime, is a well referenced problem. Mobile sink nodes have been proposed as a solution to this. This does not completely r... Read More about Mobility Aware Duty Cycling Algorithm (MADCAL) A Dynamic Communication Threshold for Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Network.

Performance Investigation of RPL Routing in Pipeline Monitoring WSNs (2018)
Presentation / Conference Contribution
Wadhaj, I., Gharebi, W., Al-Dubai, A., & Thomson, C. (2018, June). Performance Investigation of RPL Routing in Pipeline Monitoring WSNs. Presented at 2018 IEEE 20th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 16th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 4th International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS), Exeter, United Kingdom

The adoption of WSN and IEEE 802.15.4 standard for the linear WSN networks were assumed. The interconnection of WSNs with the Internet is possible by assigning IPv6 addresses to low- power devices. The 6LoWPAN adaption layer enables the IPv6 addresse... Read More about Performance Investigation of RPL Routing in Pipeline Monitoring WSNs.