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All Outputs (6)

The fallout from the forex cartels: what legacy for foreign exchange regulation? (2024)
Journal Article
Stirling, G. (2024). The fallout from the forex cartels: what legacy for foreign exchange regulation?. Law and Financial Markets Review, 17(3), 194-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/17521440.2024.2372476

This article analyses infringement and settlement decisions issued by the European Commission in recent years in relation to cartels in the foreign exchange (‘forex’ or ‘FX’) sector, assesses what these decisions tell us about the susceptibility of t... Read More about The fallout from the forex cartels: what legacy for foreign exchange regulation?.

Competition Law Damages Actions in Respect of Forex Rate Fixing Cartels: Where the Passing-on Defence Appears to Reach its Limits (2022)
Journal Article
Stirling, G. (2022). Competition Law Damages Actions in Respect of Forex Rate Fixing Cartels: Where the Passing-on Defence Appears to Reach its Limits. Global Competition Litigation Review, 15(3), 97-104

This article discusses the recent decision of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales in Allianz Global Investors GmbH v Barclays Bank Plc. Overturning a decision of the High Court, the Court of Appeal held that losses incurred by investment funds a... Read More about Competition Law Damages Actions in Respect of Forex Rate Fixing Cartels: Where the Passing-on Defence Appears to Reach its Limits.

COVID-19 Related State Aid for the Airline Sector: EU Courts Not Hesitant to Remove the Commission’s Stamp of Approval (2022)
Journal Article
Stirling, G. (2022). COVID-19 Related State Aid for the Airline Sector: EU Courts Not Hesitant to Remove the Commission’s Stamp of Approval. Air and space law, 47(2), 145-166. https://doi.org/10.54648/aila2022010

This article considers the significant amounts of State aid provided to European airlines in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic, three recent challenges in the EU General Court to the Commission’s decision to approve specific State aid measures and th... Read More about COVID-19 Related State Aid for the Airline Sector: EU Courts Not Hesitant to Remove the Commission’s Stamp of Approval.

The elusive test for unfair excessive pricing under EU law: revisiting United Brands in the light of Competition and Markets Authority v Flynn Pharma Ltd (2020)
Journal Article
Stirling, G. (2020). The elusive test for unfair excessive pricing under EU law: revisiting United Brands in the light of Competition and Markets Authority v Flynn Pharma Ltd. European Competition Journal, 16(2-3), 368-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2020.1771007

The European Commission has historically proved relatively reluctant to intervene in the area of excessive pricing. This is probably partly because the test outlined in United Brands v Commission remains unclear in various respects. In a recent decis... Read More about The elusive test for unfair excessive pricing under EU law: revisiting United Brands in the light of Competition and Markets Authority v Flynn Pharma Ltd.

The Evidential Value of National Regulatory Infringement Decisions for the Purposes of Private Damages Actions: Trying to Establish what Really Does "Follow-on" (2019)
Journal Article
Stirling, G. (2019). The Evidential Value of National Regulatory Infringement Decisions for the Purposes of Private Damages Actions: Trying to Establish what Really Does "Follow-on". Global Competition Litigation Review, 12(4), 168-178

This article considers issues around the evidential value of final infringement decisions of national regulators and review courts for the purposes of follow-on damages actions, particularly in the context of Article 9(1) of the EU’s Antitrust Damage... Read More about The Evidential Value of National Regulatory Infringement Decisions for the Purposes of Private Damages Actions: Trying to Establish what Really Does "Follow-on".