Embodied energy and carbon analysis of urban residential buildings in Malawi

Mpakati Gama, Effiness C; Brown, Andrew; Sloan, Brian

Abstract

The rising demand for bricks baked in wood-fuelled kilns in Malawi is raising concerns due to its contribution to
fluctuations of climatic conditions locally and globally. This paper presents findings of a study to evaluate the global
warming potential of urban houses built of three different building materials. The International Organization for
Standardization life-cycle environmental impact assessment approach was used. To obtain lifecycle inventory, process inventory analysis was used, focusing on energy inputs and carbon outputs at the initial construction stage. A functional unit of a 1m2 wall was used for calculating energy and carbon emissions. The results demonstrate that, for individual blocks, kiln burnt bricks (KBBs) consume 0.531 GJ/m2 compared to 0.138 GJ/m2 and 0.106 GJ/m2 for stabilized soilcement blocks (SSBs) and solid cement blocks (SCBs) respectively. Similarly, KBBs have a higher global warming
potential than the SCBs and SSBs. When cement or lime joint and plaster mortars are included, the KBBs contain the
highest values for the energy consumed and CO2 emitted. The results suggest the need to switch from KBBs to other
energy and carbon efficient materials, as well as a call to sound sectoral policy to tackle the effects of climate change in Malawi and beyond.

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Dec 31, 2015
• Online Publication Date: Dec 2, 2015
• Publication Date: 2016
• Deposit Date: Feb 23, 2016
• Print ISSN: 1562-3599
• Electronic ISSN: 2331-2327
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 16
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 1-12
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2015.1110274
• Keywords: Embodied energy; embodied carbon; global warming potential; life-cycle analysis; Malawi; urban housing
• Public URL: http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/9547
• Publisher URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2015.1110274