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In-line monitoring of esterification using a miniaturised mid-infrared spectrometer (2003)
Journal Article
McGill, C. A., Ferguson, R. H., Donoghue, K., Nordon, A., & Littlejohn, D. (2003). In-line monitoring of esterification using a miniaturised mid-infrared spectrometer. Analyst, 128(12), 1467-1470. https://doi.org/10.1039/b311187n

A miniaturised mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometer attached directly to an in-line immersion probe with an attenuated total reflectance crystal has been used to monitor the progression of the batch reaction of crotonic acid and 2-butanol in toluene. Univ... Read More about In-line monitoring of esterification using a miniaturised mid-infrared spectrometer.

Comparison of Calibration Methods for the Monitoring of a Fluorobenzene Batch Reaction Using Low-Field 19F NMR, 1H NMR, NIR, and Raman Spectrometries (2002)
Journal Article
Nordon, A., Meunier, C., McGill, C. A., & Littlejohn, D. (2002). Comparison of Calibration Methods for the Monitoring of a Fluorobenzene Batch Reaction Using Low-Field 19F NMR, 1H NMR, NIR, and Raman Spectrometries. Applied Spectroscopy, 56(4), 515-520. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702021954971

The suitability of different process spectrometry techniques has been assessed, in terms of calibration requirements, accuracy, and precision, for the at-line monitoring of the sulfonation of fluorobenzene. Partial least-squares (PLS) calibration was... Read More about Comparison of Calibration Methods for the Monitoring of a Fluorobenzene Batch Reaction Using Low-Field 19F NMR, 1H NMR, NIR, and Raman Spectrometries.

Evaluation of Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry for At-Line Process Analysis (2002)
Journal Article
Nordon, A., McGill, C. A., & Littlejohn, D. (2002). Evaluation of Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry for At-Line Process Analysis. Applied Spectroscopy, 56(1), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702021954241

A low-field medium-resolution NMR spectrometer, with an operating frequency of 29 MHz for 1H, has been developed for use in process analysis. The information that is attainable at this field strength has been investigated with the use of samples from... Read More about Evaluation of Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry for At-Line Process Analysis.

Comparison of in-line NIR, Raman and UV-visible spectrometries, and at-line NMR spectrometry for the monitoring of an esterification reaction (2002)
Journal Article
McGill, C. A., Nordon, A., & Littlejohn, D. (2002). Comparison of in-line NIR, Raman and UV-visible spectrometries, and at-line NMR spectrometry for the monitoring of an esterification reaction. Analyst, 127(2), 287-292. https://doi.org/10.1039/b106889j

In-line Raman, near infrared and UV-visible spectometries, and at-line low-field NMR spectrometry have been used to monitor the acid-catalysed esterification of crotonic acid and butan-2-ol. Repeat reactions were carried out in a 1 L batch reactor. S... Read More about Comparison of in-line NIR, Raman and UV-visible spectrometries, and at-line NMR spectrometry for the monitoring of an esterification reaction.

Quantitative Analysis of Low-Field NMR Signals in the Time Domain (2001)
Journal Article
Nordon, A., Gemperline, P. J., McGill, C. A., & Littlejohn, D. (2001). Quantitative Analysis of Low-Field NMR Signals in the Time Domain. Analytical Chemistry, 73(17), 4286-4294. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0102866

Two novel methods are described for direct quantitative analysis of NMR free induction decay (FID) signals. The methods use adaptations of the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM) and the direct exponential curve resolution algorithm (DECRA).... Read More about Quantitative Analysis of Low-Field NMR Signals in the Time Domain.

At-line process analysis by low-field medium-resolution NMR spectrometry (2001)
Journal Article
Nordon, A., McGill, C., & Littlejohn, D. (2001). At-line process analysis by low-field medium-resolution NMR spectrometry. Spectroscopy Europe, 13(3), 10-13

Low-field NMR spectrometry offers attractive options in at-line analysis. As shown via examples concerning benzene production, high acid concentrations, ethoxy chain length, and esterification reactions, the instrument is robust, compact and has few... Read More about At-line process analysis by low-field medium-resolution NMR spectrometry.