A cross-sectional online survey of depression symptoms among New Zealand’s Asian community in the first 10 months of the COVID-19 pandemic

Siegert, Richard J.; Zhu, Andrew; Jia, Xiaoyun; Ran, Guanyu Jason; French, Nigel; Johnston, David; Lu, Jun; Liu, Liangni Sally

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has elevated levels of distress and resulted in anti-Asian discrimination in many countries. We aimed to determine the 10-month prevalence of depression symptoms in Asian adults in New Zealand during the pandemic and to see if this was related to experience of racism. An online survey was conducted and a stratified sample of 402 respondents completed the brief Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Analyses included: descriptive statistics, depression scores by age/gender, factor analysis of the 10 item CES-D and partial correlation network analysis of CES-D items together with questions about experience of racism. Results show that half of the sample reported clinically significant symptoms of depression. Depression was higher among younger participants but there was no gender difference. Internal consistency was high (α = 0.85) for the CES-D which revealed a clear two-factor structure. Network analysis suggested that sleeping problems might be the bridge between experiences of racism and depression. The prevalence of low mood was high with clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms. Depression was higher in younger people and had a modest positive correlation with personal experience of racism.

Citation

Siegert, R. J., Zhu, A., Jia, X., Ran, G. J., French, N., Johnston, D., Lu, J., & Liu, L. S. (2025). A cross-sectional online survey of depression symptoms among New Zealand’s Asian community in the first 10 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 55(1), 98-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2023.2251900

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Aug 15, 2023
• Online Publication Date: Sep 3, 2023
• Publication Date: 2025
• Deposit Date: Dec 8, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: Dec 11, 2023
• Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
• Print ISSN: 0303-6758
• Electronic ISSN: 1175-8899
• Publisher: Royal Society of New Zealand
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 55
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 98-112
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2023.2251900
• Keywords: Depression, Asian, CES-D, racism, COVID-19, factor analysis, network analysis
• Public URL: http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/3407496