Development of a Standardised System to Classify Injury-Inciting Circumstances in Football: the Football Injury Inciting Circumstances Classification System (FIICCS)

Aiello, Francesco; McCall, Alan; Brown, Susan J.; Serner, Andreas; Fortington, Lauren V.; Huurman, Suzanne Afra Elisabeth; Lewin, Colin; Nagao, Masashi; O’Brien, James; Panossian, Anastasia; Pruna, Ricard; Ramos, Guilherme Passos; Whalan, Matthew; Impellizzeri, Franco M.

Abstract

Background: A comprehensive examination of the sport-specific activities and circumstances being performed at the time of injury is important to hypothesise mechanisms, develop prevention strategies and inform future investigations. Results reported in the literature are inconsistent because inciting activities are reported using different classifications. Hence the aim was to develop a standardised system for the reporting of inciting circumstances. Methods: The system was developed using a modified Nominal Group Technique. The initial panel included 12 sports practitioners and researchers from four continents with respectively ≥ 5 years of experience working in professional football and/or conducting injury research. The process consisted of six phases: idea generation, two surveys, one online meeting and two confirmations. For answers to the closed questions, consensus was deemed achieved if ≥ 70% of respondents agreed. Open-ended answers were qualitatively analysed and then introduced in subsequent phases. Results: Ten panellists completed the study. The risk of attrition bias was low. The developed system includes a comprehensive range of inciting circumstances across five domains: contact type, ball situation, physical activity, session details, contextual information. The system also distinguishes between a core set (essential reporting) and an optional set. The panel deemed all the domains to be important and easy to use both in football and in research environments. Conclusion: A system to classify inciting circumstances in football was developed. Given the extent of reporting inconsistency of inciting circumstances in the available literature, this can be used while further studies evaluate its reliability.

Citation

Aiello, F., McCall, A., Brown, S. J., Serner, A., Fortington, L. V., Huurman, S. A. E., Lewin, C., Nagao, M., O’Brien, J., Panossian, A., Pruna, R., Ramos, G. P., Whalan, M., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2023). Development of a Standardised System to Classify Injury-Inciting Circumstances in Football: the Football Injury Inciting Circumstances Classification System (FIICCS). Sports Medicine, 53(9), 1805-1818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01857-6

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Apr 20, 2023
• Online Publication Date: May 26, 2023
• Publication Date: 2023-09
• Deposit Date: May 12, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: May 26, 2023
• Print ISSN: 0112-1642
• Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
• Publisher: Springer
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 53
• Issue: 9
• Pages: 1805-1818
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01857-6