Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 in air and on surfaces in Scottish hospitals

Loh, Miranda; Yaxley, Nicola; Moore, Ginny; Holmes, David; Todd, Susanne; Smith, Alice; Macdonald, Ewan; Semple, Sean; Cherrie, Mark; Patel, Manish; Hamill, Raymond; Leckie, Alastair; Dancer, Stephanie J.; Cherrie, John W.

Abstract

Background
There are still uncertainties in our knowledge of the amount of SARS-CoV-2 virus present in the environment; where it can be found, and potential exposure determinants, limiting our ability to effectively model and compare interventions for risk management.

Aim
This study measured SARS-CoV-2 in three hospitals in Scotland on surfaces and air, alongside ventilation and patient care activities.

Methods
Air sampling at 200 L/min for 20 minutes and surface sampling were performed in two wards designated to treat COVID-19 -positive patients and two non-COVID-19 wards across three hospitals in November and December 2020.

Findings
Detectable samples of SARS-CoV-2 were found in COVID-19 treatment wards but not in non-COVID-19 wards. Most samples were below assay detection limits, but maximum concentrations reached 1.7x10 3 genomic copies/m3 in air and 1.9x10 4 copies per surface swab (3.2x10 2 copies/cm2 for surface loading). The estimated geometric mean air concentration (geometric standard deviation) across all hospitals was 0.41 (71) genomic copies/m3 and the corresponding values for surface contamination were 2.9 (29) copies/swab. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found in non-patient areas (patient/visitor waiting rooms and personal protective equipment (PPE) changing areas) associated with COVID-19 treatment wards.

Conclusions
Non-patient areas of the hospital may pose risks for infection transmission and further attention should be paid to these areas. Standardization of sampling methods will improve understanding of levels of environmental contamination. The pandemic has demonstrated a need to review and act upon the challenges of older hospital buildings meeting current ventilation guidance.

Citation

Loh, M., Yaxley, N., Moore, G., Holmes, D., Todd, S., Smith, A., Macdonald, E., Semple, S., Cherrie, M., Patel, M., Hamill, R., Leckie, A., Dancer, S. J., & Cherrie, J. W. (2023). Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 in air and on surfaces in Scottish hospitals. Journal of Hospital Infection, 133, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2022.11.019

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Nov 27, 2022
• Online Publication Date: Dec 5, 2022
• Publication Date: 2023-03
• Deposit Date: Dec 12, 2022
• Publicly Available Date: Feb 14, 2023
• Journal: Journal of Hospital Infection
• Print ISSN: 0195-6701
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 133
• Pages: 1-7
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2022.11.019
• Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, environmental sampling
• Public URL: http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2975033