The Clean pilot study: evaluation of an environmental hygiene intervention bundle in three Tanzanian hospitals

Gon, Giorgia; Kabanywanyi, Abdunoor M.; Blinkhoff, Petri; Cousens, Simon; Dancer, Stephanie J.; Graham, Wendy J.; Hokororo, Joseph; Manzi, Fatuma; Marchant, Tanya; Mkoka, Dickson; Morrison, Emma; Mswata, Sarah; Oza, Shefali; Penn-Kekana, Loveday; Sedekia, Yovitha; Virgo, Sandra; Woodd, Susannah; Aiken, Alexander M.

Abstract

Background
Healthcare associated infections (HAI) are estimated to affect up to 15% of hospital inpatients in low-income countries (LICs). A critical but often neglected aspect of HAI prevention is basic environmental hygiene, particularly surface cleaning and linen management. TEACH CLEAN is an educational intervention aimed at improving environmental hygiene. We evaluated the effectiveness of this intervention in a pilot study in three high-volume maternity and newborn units in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods
This study design prospectively evaluated the intervention as a whole, and offered a before-and-after comparison of the impact of the main training. We measured changes in microbiological cleanliness [Aerobic Colony Counts (ACC) and presence of Staphylococcus aureus] using dipslides, and physical cleaning action using gel dots. These were analysed with descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. We used qualitative (focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and semi-structured observation) and quantitative (observation checklist) tools to measure why and how the intervention worked. We describe these findings across the themes of adaptation, fidelity, dose, reach and context.

Results
Microbiological cleanliness improved during the study period (ACC pre-training: 19%; post-training: 41%). The odds of cleanliness increased on average by 1.33 weekly during the pre-training period (CI = 1.11–1.60), and by 1.08 (CI = 1.03–1.13) during the post-training period. Cleaning action improved only in the pre-training period. Detection of S. aureus on hospital surfaces did not change substantially. The intervention was well received and considered feasible in this context. The major pitfalls in the implementation were the limited number of training sessions at the hospital level and the lack of supportive supervision. A systems barrier to implementation was lack of regular cleaning supplies.

Conclusions
The evaluation suggests that improvements in microbiological cleanliness are possible using this intervention and can be sustained. Improved microbiological cleanliness is a key step on the pathway to infection prevention in hospitals. Future research should assess whether this bundle is cost-effective in reducing bacterial and viral transmission and infection using a rigorous study design.

Citation

Gon, G., Kabanywanyi, A. M., Blinkhoff, P., Cousens, S., Dancer, S. J., Graham, W. J., Hokororo, J., Manzi, F., Marchant, T., Mkoka, D., Morrison, E., Mswata, S., Oza, S., Penn-Kekana, L., Sedekia, Y., Virgo, S., Woodd, S., & Aiken, A. M. (2021). The Clean pilot study: evaluation of an environmental hygiene intervention bundle in three Tanzanian hospitals. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 10(1), Article 8 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00866-8

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Nov 25, 2020
• Online Publication Date: Jan 7, 2021
• Publication Date: 2021
• Deposit Date: Feb 4, 2021
• Publicly Available Date: Feb 4, 2021
• Journal: Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control
• Print ISSN: 2047-2994
• Publisher: BioMed Central
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 10
• Issue: 1
• Article Number: 8 (2021)
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00866-8
• Keywords: Environmental hygiene, Cleaning, Maternity, Training, Intervention, Pilot
• Public URL: http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2725554