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Carbon Nanoparticles Inhibit the Antimicrobial Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 through Structural Alteration (2017)
Journal Article
Findlay, F., Pohl, J., Svoboda, P., Shakamuri, P., McLean, K., Inglis, N. F., …Barlow, P. G. (2017). Carbon Nanoparticles Inhibit the Antimicrobial Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 through Structural Alteration. Journal of Immunology, 199(7), 2483-2490. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1700706

Host defense peptides, also known as antimicrobial peptides, are key elements of innate host defense. One host defense peptide with well-characterized antimicrobial activity is the human cathelicidin, LL-37. LL-37 has been shown to be upregulated at... Read More about Carbon Nanoparticles Inhibit the Antimicrobial Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 through Structural Alteration.

Cathelicidins display conserved direct antiviral activity towards rhinovirus. (2017)
Journal Article
Sousa, F. H., Casanova, V., Findlay, F., Stevens, C., Svoboda, P., Pohl, J., …Barlow, P. G. (2017). Cathelicidins display conserved direct antiviral activity towards rhinovirus. Peptides, 95, 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.013

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most common cause of viral respiratory tract infections, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals and patients with pre-existing pulmonary conditions. The therapeut... Read More about Cathelicidins display conserved direct antiviral activity towards rhinovirus..

Cationic host defense peptides; novel antimicrobial therapeutics against Category A pathogens and emerging infections (2016)
Journal Article
Findlay, F., Proudfoot, L., Stevens, C., & Barlow, P. G. (2016). Cationic host defense peptides; novel antimicrobial therapeutics against Category A pathogens and emerging infections. Pathogens and Global Health, 110(4-5), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2016.1195036

Cationic Host Defense Peptides (HDP, also known as antimicrobial peptides) are crucial components of the innate immune system and possess broad-spectrum antibacterial, antiviral, and immunomodulatory activities. They can contribute to the rapid clear... Read More about Cationic host defense peptides; novel antimicrobial therapeutics against Category A pathogens and emerging infections.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced frustrated phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory conditions in macrophages are length dependent and greater than that of asbestos (2015)
Journal Article
Boyles, M. S., Young, L., Brown, D. M., MacCalman, L., Cowie, H., Moisala, A., …Stone, V. (2015). Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced frustrated phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory conditions in macrophages are length dependent and greater than that of asbestos. Toxicology in Vitro, 29(7), 1513-1528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.012

The potential toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been compared to pathogenic fibres such as asbestos. It is important to test this hypothesis to ascertain safe methods for CNT production, handling and disposal. In this study aspects reported to... Read More about Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced frustrated phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory conditions in macrophages are length dependent and greater than that of asbestos.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles and monocytes: Impact of size, charge and solubility on activation status (2012)
Journal Article
Prach, M., Stone, V., & Proudfoot, L. (2012). Zinc oxide nanoparticles and monocytes: Impact of size, charge and solubility on activation status. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 266(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.020

Zinc oxide (ZnO) particle induced cytotoxicity was dependent on size, charge and solubility, factors which at sublethal concentrations may influence the activation of the human monocytic cell line THP1. ZnO nanoparticles (NP; average diameter 70 nm)... Read More about Zinc oxide nanoparticles and monocytes: Impact of size, charge and solubility on activation status.

The impact of different nanoparticle surface chemistry and size on uptake and toxicity in a murine macrophage cell line. (2008)
Journal Article
Clift, M. J. D., Rothen-Rutishauer, B., Brown, D. M., Duffin, R., Donaldson, K., Proudfoot, L., …Stone, V. (2008). The impact of different nanoparticle surface chemistry and size on uptake and toxicity in a murine macrophage cell line. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 232, 418-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.06.009

This study investigated the uptake, kinetics and cellular distribution of different surface coated quantum dots (QDs) before relating this to their toxicity. J774.A1 cells were treated with organic, COOH and NH2 (PEG) surface coated QDs (40 nM). Mode... Read More about The impact of different nanoparticle surface chemistry and size on uptake and toxicity in a murine macrophage cell line..

Effect of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 ES on inflammatory mediator gene transcription in lipopolysaccharide lung inflammation (2008)
Journal Article
Zhao, M., Brown, D. M., MacCallum, J., & Proudfoot, L. (2008). Effect of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 ES on inflammatory mediator gene transcription in lipopolysaccharide lung inflammation. Parasite Immunology, 31(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01073.x

The anti-inflammatory properties of parasitic helminths have been largely linked to their excretory-secretory (ES) products. Some studies have noted a lack of TNF-alpha production and limited recruitment of neutrophils into the lungs after Nippostron... Read More about Effect of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 ES on inflammatory mediator gene transcription in lipopolysaccharide lung inflammation.

Accute toxicity of linear alkylbenzene to Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900 in soil. (2007)
Journal Article
Johnson, S. J., Castan, M., Proudfoot, L., Barry, D. A., & Christofi, N. (2007). Accute toxicity of linear alkylbenzene to Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900 in soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 79, 41-44. doi:10.1007/s00128-007-9195-6

Linear alkybenzene (LAB) is a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) whose primary use is as a precursor in the manufacture of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) detergents. LAB is also used as insulating oil in underground electricity transmission... Read More about Accute toxicity of linear alkylbenzene to Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900 in soil..

Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies (2004)
Journal Article
Proudfoot, L. (2004). Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies. Immunology, 113(4), 438-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01996.x

Parasitic helminths are worms that are classified within the phyla Nematoda (roundworms) and Platyhelminthes (flatworms) (see Table 1). Some nematode species, Filariae being a notable example, are able to coexist with their human host for decades. In... Read More about Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies.

Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (2004)
Journal Article
Keir, P. A., Brown, D. M., Clouter-Baker, A., Harcus, Y. M., & Proudfoot, L. (2004). Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Parasite Immunology, 26(3), 137-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x

It has been reported that excretory–secretory (ES) material from the parasitic nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis has potential modulatory effects on the host's immune system. We observed that intratracheal instillation of ES from the L3 stage of... Read More about Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

Expression of C-Reactive Protein in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Upregulation by Cytokines and Carbon Particles (2004)
Journal Article
Ramage, L., Proudfoot, L., & Guy, K. (2004). Expression of C-Reactive Protein in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Upregulation by Cytokines and Carbon Particles. Inhalation Toxicology, 16(9), 607-613. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370490464599

C-reactive protein (CRP) is the prototypic human acute-phase protein and is found at increased levels in the blood during episodes of inflammation. CRP was generally thought to be produced only by hepatocytes; however, several studies have shown extr... Read More about Expression of C-Reactive Protein in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Upregulation by Cytokines and Carbon Particles.

Anti-inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-induced pulmonary inflammation. (2002)
Journal Article
McNeil, K. S., Knox, D. P., & Proudfoot, L. (2002). Anti-inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-induced pulmonary inflammation. Parasite Immunology, 24, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0141-9838.2001.00428.x

Migration of L3 larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis through the lungs of the rat, during primary infection, was studied at 24 h, 72 h and 8 days. At 24 h p.i., there was evidence of damage to lung epithelial cells and microvasculature, with increa... Read More about Anti-inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-induced pulmonary inflammation..

Regulation of macrophage IL-12 synthesis byLeishmania phosphoglycans (1999)
Journal Article
Piedrafita, D., Proudfoot, L., Nikolaev, A. V., Xu, D., Sands, W., Feng, G., …Liew, F. Y. (1999). Regulation of macrophage IL-12 synthesis byLeishmania phosphoglycans. European Journal of Immunology, 29(1), 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1002/%28sici%291521-4141%28199901%2929%3A013.0.co%3B2-s

It is now generally accepted that IFN‐γ, secreted by Th1 cells, is the most potent cytokine leading to macrophage activation and host resistance against infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania. It is also established that IL‐12... Read More about Regulation of macrophage IL-12 synthesis byLeishmania phosphoglycans.

Cytokines and nitric oxide as effector molecules against parasitic infections (1997)
Journal Article
Liew, F. Y., Wei, X., & Proudfoot, L. (1997). Cytokines and nitric oxide as effector molecules against parasitic infections. Philosophical Transactions B: Biological Sciences, 352(1359), 1311-1315. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0115

Nitric oxide (NO) derived from L-arginine by the catalytic action of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) plays an important role in killing parasites. Many cell types express high levels of iNOS when activated by a number of immunological stimuli which incl... Read More about Cytokines and nitric oxide as effector molecules against parasitic infections.

Regulation of the expression of nitric oxide synthase and leishmanicidal activity by glycoconjugates of Leishmania lipophosphoglycan in murine macrophages (1996)
Journal Article
Proudfoot, L., Nikolaev, A. V., Feng, G., Wei, X., Ferguson, M. A. J., Brimacombe, J. S., & Liew, F. Y. (1996). Regulation of the expression of nitric oxide synthase and leishmanicidal activity by glycoconjugates of Leishmania lipophosphoglycan in murine macrophages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(20), 10984-10989. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.20.10984

Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) glycoconjugates from promastigotes of Leishmania were not able to induce the expression of the cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by the murine macrophage cell line, J774. However, they synergize with interferon y... Read More about Regulation of the expression of nitric oxide synthase and leishmanicidal activity by glycoconjugates of Leishmania lipophosphoglycan in murine macrophages.

Biosynthesis of the glycolipid anchor of lipophosphoglycan and the structurally related glycoinositolphospholipids from Leishmania major (1995)
Journal Article
Proudfoot, L., Schneider, P., Ferguson, M. A. J., & McConville, M. J. (1995). Biosynthesis of the glycolipid anchor of lipophosphoglycan and the structurally related glycoinositolphospholipids from Leishmania major. The biochemical journal, 308(1), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3080045

The major macromolecule on the surface of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major is a lipophosphoglycan (LPG) which contains a glycosylphosphatidylinositol glycolipid anchor. This parasite also synthesizes a complex family of abundant low-molecular-... Read More about Biosynthesis of the glycolipid anchor of lipophosphoglycan and the structurally related glycoinositolphospholipids from Leishmania major.

Glycoinositolphospholipids of Leishmania major inhibit nitric oxide synthesis and reduce leishmanicidal activity in murine macrophages (1995)
Journal Article
Proudfoot, L., O'Donnell, C. A., & Liew, F. Y. (1995). Glycoinositolphospholipids of Leishmania major inhibit nitric oxide synthesis and reduce leishmanicidal activity in murine macrophages. European Journal of Immunology, 25(3), 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830250318

Murine macrophages express high levels of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and produce large amounts of nitric oxide when activated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide in vitro. Nitric oxide is a mediator of a variety of biological funct... Read More about Glycoinositolphospholipids of Leishmania major inhibit nitric oxide synthesis and reduce leishmanicidal activity in murine macrophages.

External stimuli and intracellular signalling in the modification of the nematode surface during transition to the mammalian host environment (1993)
Journal Article
Proudfoot, L., Kusel, J. R., Smith, H. V., & Kennedy, M. W. (1993). External stimuli and intracellular signalling in the modification of the nematode surface during transition to the mammalian host environment. Parasitology, 107(05), 559. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000068141

Previous work has shown that the surface of infective larvae of parasitic nematodes will not bind the fluorescent lipid analogue 5-N(octadecanoyl)aminofluorescein (AF18) until after exposure of the parasite to mammalian tissue-culture conditions. In... Read More about External stimuli and intracellular signalling in the modification of the nematode surface during transition to the mammalian host environment.

Rapid changes in the surface of parasitic nematodes during transition from pre- to post-parasitic forms (1993)
Journal Article
Proudfoot, L., Kusel, J. R., Smith, H. V., Harnett, W., Worms, M. J., & Kennedy, M. W. (1993). Rapid changes in the surface of parasitic nematodes during transition from pre- to post-parasitic forms. Parasitology, 107(01), 107. doi:10.1017/s0031182000079464

All mammalian-parasitic stages of a range of nematode species investigated (Brugia pahangi, Acanthocheilonema viteae, Strongyloides ratti, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Trichinella spiralis and Ostertagia ostertagi) labelled in a surface-restricted m... Read More about Rapid changes in the surface of parasitic nematodes during transition from pre- to post-parasitic forms.