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A Stiffness Approach for Coupling Structural and Magnetic Models for the Sustainable Design, Optimisation and Real-Time Structural Integrity Assessment of Radial Flux Permanent Magnet Generators for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines (2024)
Journal Article
McDonald, A., & Jaen-Sola, P. (2024). A Stiffness Approach for Coupling Structural and Magnetic Models for the Sustainable Design, Optimisation and Real-Time Structural Integrity Assessment of Radial Flux Permanent Magnet Generators for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines. Sustainability, 16(6), Article 2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062393

The mass of a direct-drive generator is often defined by the requirements for structural stiffness to meet the magnetic stiffness between the rotor and stator surfaces. This paper analyses this magnetic stiffness and estimates the structural stiffnes... Read More about A Stiffness Approach for Coupling Structural and Magnetic Models for the Sustainable Design, Optimisation and Real-Time Structural Integrity Assessment of Radial Flux Permanent Magnet Generators for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines.

A Stiffness Approach for Coupling Structural and Magnetic Models for the Design and Optimization of Radial Flux PM Generators for Sustainable Direct-Drive Wind Turbines (2024)
Working Paper
McDonald, A., & Jaen-Sola, P. A Stiffness Approach for Coupling Structural and Magnetic Models for the Design and Optimization of Radial Flux PM Generators for Sustainable Direct-Drive Wind Turbines

The mass of a direct-drive generator is often defined by the requirements for structural stiffness to meet the magnetic stiffness between the rotor and stator surfaces. This paper analyses this magnetic stiffness and estimates the structural stiffnes... Read More about A Stiffness Approach for Coupling Structural and Magnetic Models for the Design and Optimization of Radial Flux PM Generators for Sustainable Direct-Drive Wind Turbines.

An Efficient Computational Analysis and Modelling of Transferred Aerodynamic Loading on Direct-Drive System of 5 MW Wind Turbine and Results Driven Optimisation for a Sustainable Generator Structure (2024)
Journal Article
Szatkowski, S., Jaen-Sola, P., & Oterkus, E. (in press). An Efficient Computational Analysis and Modelling of Transferred Aerodynamic Loading on Direct-Drive System of 5 MW Wind Turbine and Results Driven Optimisation for a Sustainable Generator Structure. Sustainability, 16(2), Article 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020545

The study presents an efficient computational investigation on the behaviour of the direct-drive system integrated into the offshore 5 MW NREL wind turbine model under demanding aerodynamic loading conditions with the aim of optimising and developing... Read More about An Efficient Computational Analysis and Modelling of Transferred Aerodynamic Loading on Direct-Drive System of 5 MW Wind Turbine and Results Driven Optimisation for a Sustainable Generator Structure.

Simulation of a Solar Dryer for Use in Developing Countries (2023)
Conference Proceeding
Muhammad-Sukki, F., Abiola Oladimeji, A., Sola, P. J., See, C. H., Bani, N. A., Muhtazaruddin, M. N., …Ahmad Kamil, A. S. (2023). Simulation of a Solar Dryer for Use in Developing Countries. In 2023 International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy Engineering (PREE). https://doi.org/10.1109/PREE57903.2023.10370401

This paper examines the implementation of solar dryers in developing countries. Simulations were carried out using a simple model of a solar dryer to validate the drying process for various crops and fish products. The solar dryer simulator model in... Read More about Simulation of a Solar Dryer for Use in Developing Countries.

Full turbine modelling of the NREL 15MW reference wind turbine for the transient thermal and structural analyses of the direct -drive generator structure (2023)
Presentation / Conference
Bichan, M., Jaen-Sola, P., Sellami, N., & Muhammad Sukki, F. (2023, August). Full turbine modelling of the NREL 15MW reference wind turbine for the transient thermal and structural analyses of the direct -drive generator structure. Presented at SCEBE Research Degree Conference 2023, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh

Towards an Integrated Design of Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Electrical Generator Supporting Structures (2023)
Journal Article
Touw, L., Jaen Sola, P., & Oterkus, E. (2023). Towards an Integrated Design of Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Electrical Generator Supporting Structures. Wind, 3(3), 343-360. https://doi.org/10.3390/wind3030020

Rotor and stator support structures of significant size and mass are required to withstand the considerable loads that direct-drive wind turbine electrical generators face to maintain an air-gap clearance that is open and stable. With the increase of... Read More about Towards an Integrated Design of Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Electrical Generator Supporting Structures.

Establishing the Importance of Operating Temperature in the Structural Integrity of Large-Scale Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generators (2023)
Journal Article
Bichan, M., Jack, A., & Jaen-Sola, P. (2023). Establishing the Importance of Operating Temperature in the Structural Integrity of Large-Scale Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generators. Machines, 11(8), Article 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11080780

Direct-drive generators are recognised for their low maintenance compared with conventional drivetrains, largely due to their fewer working parts. However, consequent to low-speed operation, these machines necessitate large diameters and are subject... Read More about Establishing the Importance of Operating Temperature in the Structural Integrity of Large-Scale Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generators.

Design and optimization of multi-MW offshore direct-drive wind turbine electrical generator structures using generative design techniques (2023)
Journal Article
Gonzalez-Delgado, D., Jaen-Sola, P., & Oterkus, E. (2023). Design and optimization of multi-MW offshore direct-drive wind turbine electrical generator structures using generative design techniques. Ocean Engineering, 280, Article 114417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114417

The use of generative design as an alternative to typical structural optimization techniques opens the door to new methods of manufacturing. In this study, generative design techniques were used as an automated iterative process with an extensive set... Read More about Design and optimization of multi-MW offshore direct-drive wind turbine electrical generator structures using generative design techniques.

Structural Optimisation of Offshore Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generators Including Static and Dynamic Analyses (2021)
Journal Article
Tartt, K., Kazemi Amiri, A., McDonald, A., & Jaen-Sola, P. (2021). Structural Optimisation of Offshore Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generators Including Static and Dynamic Analyses. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2018(1), Article 012040. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2018/1/012040

One way to achieve increased wind capacity is by installing larger and more efficient wind turbines, which results in larger/heavier generators. Direct-drive, permanent magnet generators are favoured due to their increased efficiency, but the added w... Read More about Structural Optimisation of Offshore Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generators Including Static and Dynamic Analyses.

Experimental Strain Measurement Approach Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Monitoring of Railway Switches and Crossings (2021)
Journal Article
Kerrouche, A., Najeh, T., & Jaen-Sola, P. (2021). Experimental Strain Measurement Approach Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Monitoring of Railway Switches and Crossings. Sensors, 21(11), Article 3639. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113639

Railway infrastructure plays a major role in providing the most cost-effective way to transport freight and passengers. The increase in train speed, traffic growth, heavier axles, and harsh environments make railway assets susceptible to degradation... Read More about Experimental Strain Measurement Approach Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Monitoring of Railway Switches and Crossings.

Parametric lightweight design of a direct-drive wind turbine electrical generator supporting structure for minimizing dynamic response (2021)
Journal Article
Jaen Sola, P., Oterkusb, E., & McDonald, A. (2021). Parametric lightweight design of a direct-drive wind turbine electrical generator supporting structure for minimizing dynamic response. Ships and Offshore Structures, 16(Sup 1: Papers from the 2020 International Conference on Ships and Offshore Structures), 266-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2021.1927356

Heavy, large and robust supporting structures are needed to keep the airgap clearance of direct-drive multi-MW wind turbine electrical generators open and stable. As rotating pieces of machinery, generators vibrate when their natural frequencies are... Read More about Parametric lightweight design of a direct-drive wind turbine electrical generator supporting structure for minimizing dynamic response.

Design of direct-drive wind turbine electrical generator structures using topology optimization techniques (2020)
Journal Article
Jaen-Sola, P., McDonald, A. S., & Oterkus, E. (2020). Design of direct-drive wind turbine electrical generator structures using topology optimization techniques. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1618, 052009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/5/052009

Reducing the structural mass of low speed multi-MW electrical machines for renewable energy purposes have become an important object of study as with the drop in mass a substantial decrease in the machine capital cost can be achieved. Direct-drive wi... Read More about Design of direct-drive wind turbine electrical generator structures using topology optimization techniques.

Lightweight design of direct-drive wind turbine electrical generators: A comparison between steel and composite material structures (2019)
Journal Article
Jaen Sola, P., McDonald, A., & Oterkus, E. (2019). Lightweight design of direct-drive wind turbine electrical generators: A comparison between steel and composite material structures. Ocean Engineering, 181, 330-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.03.053

Direct-drive generators for wind turbines are high torque, low speed machines which require a heavy robust structure to maintain the air-gap clearance open and stable. The mass of the structural material can be assessed at the early stages of the des... Read More about Lightweight design of direct-drive wind turbine electrical generators: A comparison between steel and composite material structures.

Dynamic structural design of offshore direct-drive wind turbine electrical generators. (2018)
Journal Article
Jaen-Sola, P., McDonald, A. S., & Oterkus, E. (2018). Dynamic structural design of offshore direct-drive wind turbine electrical generators. Ocean Engineering, 161, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.04.074

Direct-drive permanent magnet generators for multi-MW wind turbines are low speed high torque electrical machines requiring large, heavy and robust structures to maintain the airgap clearance open and stable. The structural mass of radial-flux genera... Read More about Dynamic structural design of offshore direct-drive wind turbine electrical generators..

A Comparative Study of Methods for Modelling the Structural Stiffness of Generator Components (2016)
Conference Proceeding
Jaen-Sola, P., & Mcdonald, A. (2016). A Comparative Study of Methods for Modelling the Structural Stiffness of Generator Components. . https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2016.0314

Direct-drive generators are low speed electrical machines requiring robust and large supporting structures designed to resist the significant loads present during assembly and operation. Generator structures have to be stiff, especially in the radial... Read More about A Comparative Study of Methods for Modelling the Structural Stiffness of Generator Components.

A Lightweight Approach for Airborne Wind Turbine Drivetrains (2015)
Conference Proceeding
Jaen Sola, P., Mcdonald, A. S., & Oterkus, E. (2015). A Lightweight Approach for Airborne Wind Turbine Drivetrains.

Buoyant airborne wind turbines are devices capable of harnessing stronger winds at higher altitudes and with their automated and rapidly deployable system they are suited to niche applications such as emergency power generation. Although much of the... Read More about A Lightweight Approach for Airborne Wind Turbine Drivetrains.

Structural Analysis and Characterization of Radial Flux PM Generators for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines (2014)
Conference Proceeding
Jaen-Sola, P., & McDonald, A. S. (2014). Structural Analysis and Characterization of Radial Flux PM Generators for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines. . https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2014.0866

Wind turbine direct-drive generator structures are analysed in order to optimise and reduce mass. A method for modelling key stiffness parameters including a magnetic air-gap stiffness is outlined. Different approaches are used to parametrically calc... Read More about Structural Analysis and Characterization of Radial Flux PM Generators for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines.

Adaptive Dynamic Control of a Wind Generator (2013)
Conference Proceeding
Jaen-Sola, P., Anaya-Lara, O., & Dominguez-Navarro, J. A. (2013). Adaptive Dynamic Control of a Wind Generator. In Proceedings of 9th PhD Seminar on Wind Energy in Europe

The main aim of the present project is to obtain a better understanding of the dynamic control of a wind turbine. To accomplish this, an adaptive dynamic controller was developed and connected to a wind DFIG Simulink model. In order to demonstrate th... Read More about Adaptive Dynamic Control of a Wind Generator.

Equivalent Electrical Circuit Derivation of a 7MW Offshore Wind Turbine Gearbox
Presentation / Conference
Jaen-Sola, P., & Mcdonald, A. S. Equivalent Electrical Circuit Derivation of a 7MW Offshore Wind Turbine Gearbox. Paper presented at The 7th International Conference on Renewable Power Generation (RPG 2018), Copenhagen, Denmark

A thermal model of the main mechanical components of the Levenmouth Development Turbine powertrain has been developed in Matlab/Simulink in order to predict their efficiency curve as a function of torque and speed and their electrical analogues of cu... Read More about Equivalent Electrical Circuit Derivation of a 7MW Offshore Wind Turbine Gearbox.