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Carbon Nanoparticles Inhibit the Antimicrobial Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 through Structural Alteration (2017)
Journal Article
Findlay, F., Pohl, J., Svoboda, P., Shakamuri, P., McLean, K., Inglis, N. F., …Barlow, P. G. (2017). Carbon Nanoparticles Inhibit the Antimicrobial Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 through Structural Alteration. Journal of Immunology, 199(7), 2483-2490. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1700706

Host defense peptides, also known as antimicrobial peptides, are key elements of innate host defense. One host defense peptide with well-characterized antimicrobial activity is the human cathelicidin, LL-37. LL-37 has been shown to be upregulated at... Read More about Carbon Nanoparticles Inhibit the Antimicrobial Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 through Structural Alteration.

Cathelicidins display conserved direct antiviral activity towards rhinovirus. (2017)
Journal Article
Sousa, F. H., Casanova, V., Findlay, F., Stevens, C., Svoboda, P., Pohl, J., …Barlow, P. G. (2017). Cathelicidins display conserved direct antiviral activity towards rhinovirus. Peptides, 95, 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.013

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most common cause of viral respiratory tract infections, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals and patients with pre-existing pulmonary conditions. The therapeut... Read More about Cathelicidins display conserved direct antiviral activity towards rhinovirus..

Development of mitochondria- and protease-specific prodrugs in the potential treatment of parasitic helminth infections (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Oluwadare, E., Rehan, A., Ding, Y., Turnbull, A., Malone, E., Mincher, D., & Proudfoot, L. (2016, September). Development of mitochondria- and protease-specific prodrugs in the potential treatment of parasitic helminth infections. Poster presented at Molecular & Cellular Biology of Helminth Parasites X, Hydra, Greece

Anthelmintic resistance and the shortage of new drugs represent an urgent need for the development of novel anti-parasite drugs with effective delivery to the target site. Reduced bioavailability and sub-optimal doses can be responsible for generatio... Read More about Development of mitochondria- and protease-specific prodrugs in the potential treatment of parasitic helminth infections.

Cationic host defense peptides; novel antimicrobial therapeutics against Category A pathogens and emerging infections (2016)
Journal Article
Findlay, F., Proudfoot, L., Stevens, C., & Barlow, P. G. (2016). Cationic host defense peptides; novel antimicrobial therapeutics against Category A pathogens and emerging infections. Pathogens and Global Health, 110(4-5), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2016.1195036

Cationic Host Defense Peptides (HDP, also known as antimicrobial peptides) are crucial components of the innate immune system and possess broad-spectrum antibacterial, antiviral, and immunomodulatory activities. They can contribute to the rapid clear... Read More about Cationic host defense peptides; novel antimicrobial therapeutics against Category A pathogens and emerging infections.

The assessment of a protease -dependent prodrug in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for the treatment of parasitic helminth infections (2015)
Presentation / Conference
Oluwadare, E., Turnbull, A., Malone, E., Mincher, D., & Proudfoot, L. (2015, August). The assessment of a protease -dependent prodrug in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for the treatment of parasitic helminth infections. Poster presented at Molecular & Cellular Biology of Helminth Parasites IX, Hydra, Greece

Billions of livestock, and a third of the current human population, are infected with helminth parasites. In livestock, these helminth infections are accompanied by significant morbidity and mortality, and although anthelmintic drugs are available, t... Read More about The assessment of a protease -dependent prodrug in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for the treatment of parasitic helminth infections.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced frustrated phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory conditions in macrophages are length dependent and greater than that of asbestos (2015)
Journal Article
Boyles, M. S., Young, L., Brown, D. M., MacCalman, L., Cowie, H., Moisala, A., …Stone, V. (2015). Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced frustrated phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory conditions in macrophages are length dependent and greater than that of asbestos. Toxicology in Vitro, 29(7), 1513-1528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.012

The potential toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been compared to pathogenic fibres such as asbestos. It is important to test this hypothesis to ascertain safe methods for CNT production, handling and disposal. In this study aspects reported to... Read More about Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced frustrated phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory conditions in macrophages are length dependent and greater than that of asbestos.

Driving Forward a Programme Based Approach - A Skills Passport Project (2013)
Presentation / Conference
Klawitter, P., Proudfoot, L., Mackinnon, J., Briers, R., Taylor, C., & Campbell Casey, S. (2013, June). Driving Forward a Programme Based Approach - A Skills Passport Project. Poster presented at Edinburgh Napier University Staff Conference, Edinburgh

Zinc oxide nanoparticles and monocytes: Impact of size, charge and solubility on activation status (2012)
Journal Article
Prach, M., Stone, V., & Proudfoot, L. (2012). Zinc oxide nanoparticles and monocytes: Impact of size, charge and solubility on activation status. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 266(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.020

Zinc oxide (ZnO) particle induced cytotoxicity was dependent on size, charge and solubility, factors which at sublethal concentrations may influence the activation of the human monocytic cell line THP1. ZnO nanoparticles (NP; average diameter 70 nm)... Read More about Zinc oxide nanoparticles and monocytes: Impact of size, charge and solubility on activation status.

Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model for the Assessment of Nanomaterial Toxicity (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Nicol, L., Malone, E., & Proudfoot, L. (2012, April). Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model for the Assessment of Nanomaterial Toxicity. Poster presented at British Society for Parasitology Conference, 50th Anniversary, Glasgow

Nanomaterials, having at least one dimension less than 100nm, have unique physico-chemical properties due to their small size, large surface area and surface reactivity. Manufactured nanomaterials have enormous potential in industrial, pharmaceutical... Read More about Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model for the Assessment of Nanomaterial Toxicity.

Nanoparticles and Neutrophil Activation (2012)
Presentation / Conference
Dickson, C., Prach, M., Fraser, J., Ingram, L., Barlow, P., Hutchison, G., …Malone, E. (2012, February). Nanoparticles and Neutrophil Activation. Presented at NanoImpactNet-QNANO conference - European Network on the Health and Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials, Dublin, Ireland

Neutrophils, the rapid responders of the innate immune system, are central to the initial immune responses of a host to foreign particles. Circulating in the blood, they are the predominant leukocyte (40-75%), and are positioned to rapidly migrate to... Read More about Nanoparticles and Neutrophil Activation.

The impact of different nanoparticle surface chemistry and size on uptake and toxicity in a murine macrophage cell line. (2008)
Journal Article
Clift, M. J. D., Rothen-Rutishauer, B., Brown, D. M., Duffin, R., Donaldson, K., Proudfoot, L., …Stone, V. (2008). The impact of different nanoparticle surface chemistry and size on uptake and toxicity in a murine macrophage cell line. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 232, 418-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.06.009

This study investigated the uptake, kinetics and cellular distribution of different surface coated quantum dots (QDs) before relating this to their toxicity. J774.A1 cells were treated with organic, COOH and NH2 (PEG) surface coated QDs (40 nM). Mode... Read More about The impact of different nanoparticle surface chemistry and size on uptake and toxicity in a murine macrophage cell line..

Effect of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 ES on inflammatory mediator gene transcription in lipopolysaccharide lung inflammation (2008)
Journal Article
Zhao, M., Brown, D. M., MacCallum, J., & Proudfoot, L. (2008). Effect of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 ES on inflammatory mediator gene transcription in lipopolysaccharide lung inflammation. Parasite Immunology, 31(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01073.x

The anti-inflammatory properties of parasitic helminths have been largely linked to their excretory-secretory (ES) products. Some studies have noted a lack of TNF-alpha production and limited recruitment of neutrophils into the lungs after Nippostron... Read More about Effect of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 ES on inflammatory mediator gene transcription in lipopolysaccharide lung inflammation.

Accute toxicity of linear alkylbenzene to Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900 in soil. (2007)
Journal Article
Johnson, S. J., Castan, M., Proudfoot, L., Barry, D. A., & Christofi, N. (2007). Accute toxicity of linear alkylbenzene to Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900 in soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 79, 41-44. doi:10.1007/s00128-007-9195-6

Linear alkybenzene (LAB) is a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) whose primary use is as a precursor in the manufacture of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) detergents. LAB is also used as insulating oil in underground electricity transmission... Read More about Accute toxicity of linear alkylbenzene to Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900 in soil..

Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies (2004)
Journal Article
Proudfoot, L. (2004). Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies. Immunology, 113(4), 438-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01996.x

Parasitic helminths are worms that are classified within the phyla Nematoda (roundworms) and Platyhelminthes (flatworms) (see Table 1). Some nematode species, Filariae being a notable example, are able to coexist with their human host for decades. In... Read More about Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies.

Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (2004)
Journal Article
Keir, P. A., Brown, D. M., Clouter-Baker, A., Harcus, Y. M., & Proudfoot, L. (2004). Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Parasite Immunology, 26(3), 137-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x

It has been reported that excretory–secretory (ES) material from the parasitic nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis has potential modulatory effects on the host's immune system. We observed that intratracheal instillation of ES from the L3 stage of... Read More about Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

Expression of C-Reactive Protein in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Upregulation by Cytokines and Carbon Particles (2004)
Journal Article
Ramage, L., Proudfoot, L., & Guy, K. (2004). Expression of C-Reactive Protein in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Upregulation by Cytokines and Carbon Particles. Inhalation Toxicology, 16(9), 607-613. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370490464599

C-reactive protein (CRP) is the prototypic human acute-phase protein and is found at increased levels in the blood during episodes of inflammation. CRP was generally thought to be produced only by hepatocytes; however, several studies have shown extr... Read More about Expression of C-Reactive Protein in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Upregulation by Cytokines and Carbon Particles.

Anti-inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-induced pulmonary inflammation. (2002)
Journal Article
McNeil, K. S., Knox, D. P., & Proudfoot, L. (2002). Anti-inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-induced pulmonary inflammation. Parasite Immunology, 24, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0141-9838.2001.00428.x

Migration of L3 larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis through the lungs of the rat, during primary infection, was studied at 24 h, 72 h and 8 days. At 24 h p.i., there was evidence of damage to lung epithelial cells and microvasculature, with increa... Read More about Anti-inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-induced pulmonary inflammation..

Regulation of macrophage IL-12 synthesis byLeishmania phosphoglycans (1999)
Journal Article
Piedrafita, D., Proudfoot, L., Nikolaev, A. V., Xu, D., Sands, W., Feng, G., …Liew, F. Y. (1999). Regulation of macrophage IL-12 synthesis byLeishmania phosphoglycans. European Journal of Immunology, 29(1), 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1002/%28sici%291521-4141%28199901%2929%3A013.0.co%3B2-s

It is now generally accepted that IFN‐γ, secreted by Th1 cells, is the most potent cytokine leading to macrophage activation and host resistance against infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania. It is also established that IL‐12... Read More about Regulation of macrophage IL-12 synthesis byLeishmania phosphoglycans.

Cytokines and nitric oxide as effector molecules against parasitic infections (1997)
Journal Article
Liew, F. Y., Wei, X., & Proudfoot, L. (1997). Cytokines and nitric oxide as effector molecules against parasitic infections. Philosophical Transactions B: Biological Sciences, 352(1359), 1311-1315. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0115

Nitric oxide (NO) derived from L-arginine by the catalytic action of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) plays an important role in killing parasites. Many cell types express high levels of iNOS when activated by a number of immunological stimuli which incl... Read More about Cytokines and nitric oxide as effector molecules against parasitic infections.