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Models to predict the radial variation of stiffness, strength, and density in planted noble fir, Norway spruce, western hemlock, and western red cedar in Great Britain (2023)
Journal Article
Gil-Moreno, D., MClean, J. P., & Ridley-Ellis, D. (2023). Models to predict the radial variation of stiffness, strength, and density in planted noble fir, Norway spruce, western hemlock, and western red cedar in Great Britain. Annals of Forest Science, 80, Article 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13595-023-01214-7

Key message: This study compares the measured radial variation in wood stiffness, strength, and density of noble fir, Norway spruce, western hemlock, and western red cedar by developing mixed-effects models for each property using age as the explanat... Read More about Models to predict the radial variation of stiffness, strength, and density in planted noble fir, Norway spruce, western hemlock, and western red cedar in Great Britain.

Considerations for grading species combinations. The example of Douglas fir with larch in Ireland and UK (2023)
Conference Proceeding
Gil-Moreno, D., Ridley-Ellis, D., & Harte, A. M. (2023). Considerations for grading species combinations. The example of Douglas fir with larch in Ireland and UK. In A. Q. Nyrud, K. A. Malo, & K. Nore (Eds.), Proceedings from the 13th World Conference on Timber Engineering (2023) (773-779). https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0106

This paper examines the grading of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and larch (Larix spp.) as a strength grading species combination for the growth area formed by Ireland and the UK. The two genera produce higher timber quality than Sitka spruce (... Read More about Considerations for grading species combinations. The example of Douglas fir with larch in Ireland and UK.

Considerations for grading species combinations. General remarks on scenarios and requirements (2023)
Conference Proceeding
Ridley-Ellis, D., Gil-Moreno, D., & Harte, A. M. (2023). Considerations for grading species combinations. General remarks on scenarios and requirements. In A. Q. Nyrud, K. A. Malo, & K. Nore (Eds.), Proceedings from the 13th World Conference on Timber Engineering (2023) (780-786). https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0107

This paper discusses the situations in which timber species might be combined in commercial combinations, and the considerations relating to strength grading work. It is expected that more species combinations will be developed in the years to come,... Read More about Considerations for grading species combinations. General remarks on scenarios and requirements.

The influence of age on the timber properties and grading of Scots pine and larch in Ireland (2023)
Journal Article
Gil-Moreno, D., Manso, R., O’Ceallaigh, C., & Harte, A. M. (2024). The influence of age on the timber properties and grading of Scots pine and larch in Ireland. Forestry, 97(1), Article 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpad027

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and larch (Larix spp.) are two species that could contribute to diversifying Ireland’s timber supply. However, there is little knowledge about their properties as well as their variation with age. The aim of this stud... Read More about The influence of age on the timber properties and grading of Scots pine and larch in Ireland.

Strength Grading of Timber in the UK and Ireland in 2021 (2022)
Journal Article
Ridley-Ellis, D., Gil-Moreno, D., & Harte, A. M. (2022). Strength Grading of Timber in the UK and Ireland in 2021. International Wood Products Journal, 13(2), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2022.2050549

This paper summarises the state of the art for strength grading of construction timber grown in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. It includes the latest approvals based on recent research on spruce, larch and Douglas-fir. It lists the f... Read More about Strength Grading of Timber in the UK and Ireland in 2021.

The relationship between bending and tension strength of Irish and UK spruce and pine (2022)
Journal Article
Gil-Moreno, D., Ridley-Ellis, D., O'Ceallaigh, C., & Harte, A. M. (2022). The relationship between bending and tension strength of Irish and UK spruce and pine. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 80, 585-596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-022-01787-6

The correct characterisation of wood properties is fundamental for the best utilisation of resources. In Europe, grading is defined by strength classes that are determined based on either bending or tension tests. The European standards give equation... Read More about The relationship between bending and tension strength of Irish and UK spruce and pine.

Test Machine Effect in the determination of modulus of elasticity for strength-graded timber (2021)
Conference Proceeding
Gil-Moreno, D., Ridley-Ellis, D., & Harte, A. M. (2021). Test Machine Effect in the determination of modulus of elasticity for strength-graded timber. In WCTE 2021: World Conference on Timber Engineering Proceedings

This paper investigates if the relationship between the global and local moduli of elasticity (MoE), measured in bending tests, is affected by the test machines employed, and how that may influence strength grading. The ultimate aim is to study the p... Read More about Test Machine Effect in the determination of modulus of elasticity for strength-graded timber.

Perception and use of timber in construction: A case study of Ireland and the UK (2021)
Conference Proceeding
O'Ceallaigh, C., Gil-Moreno, D., Ridley-Ellis, D., & Harte, A. M. (2021). Perception and use of timber in construction: A case study of Ireland and the UK. In WCTE 2021: World Conference on Timber Engineering Proceedings

A survey was carried out to examine the perception of timber in construction among industry stakeholders within northwest Europe. The survey received responses from 17 countries in total. The total results of all respondents are presented along with... Read More about Perception and use of timber in construction: A case study of Ireland and the UK.

Influence of knot area indexes on tension strength of Sitka spruce (2019)
Conference Proceeding
Gil-Moreno, D., Ridley-Ellis, D., & Harte, A. M. (2019). Influence of knot area indexes on tension strength of Sitka spruce. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering

It is well known that knots can reduce the strength of timber, and the selection of “critical section” for testing to EN 408 and EN 384 is typically based on the size and position of knots. In Ireland, the visual strength grading Standard IS 127 spec... Read More about Influence of knot area indexes on tension strength of Sitka spruce.

Use of Nondestructive Techniques for Determination of Tension Parallel-to-Grain Properties of Spruce (2019)
Conference Proceeding
Gil-Moreno, D., O'Ceallaigh, C., Ridley-Ellis, D., & Harte, A. M. (2019). Use of Nondestructive Techniques for Determination of Tension Parallel-to-Grain Properties of Spruce. In Proceedings: 21st International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium, Freiburg, Germany 2019 (233-240)

The paper presents a study of the tension properties of Irish-grown Sitka spruce. Fifty timber pieces were destructively tested having resonant frequency and knots measured. The aim was to improve knowledge of the performance of spruce in tension and... Read More about Use of Nondestructive Techniques for Determination of Tension Parallel-to-Grain Properties of Spruce.

Timber grading potential of Douglas fir in the Republic of Ireland and the UK (2019)
Journal Article
Gil-Moreno, D., Ridley-Ellis, D., & Harte, A. (2019). Timber grading potential of Douglas fir in the Republic of Ireland and the UK. International Wood Products Journal, 10(2), 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2019.1617984

Results of the recently approved machine control grading settings for Douglas fir in the Republic of Ireland and the UK have shown that the species can be graded to C18, and higher strength classes, and while there is a relatively high proportion of... Read More about Timber grading potential of Douglas fir in the Republic of Ireland and the UK.

Potential of noble fir, Norway spruce, western red cedar and western hemlock grown for timber production in Great Britain (2018)
Thesis
Gil-Moreno, D. Potential of noble fir, Norway spruce, western red cedar and western hemlock grown for timber production in Great Britain. (Thesis). Edinburgh Napier University. Retrieved from http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/1506120

The limited range of commercial timber species in Great Britain has led the forestry sector to consider wider planting of other species. This research addresses wood properties, particularly relevant to structural timber, of noble fir, Norway spruce,... Read More about Potential of noble fir, Norway spruce, western red cedar and western hemlock grown for timber production in Great Britain.

TG1/201804/25rev Derivation of MTG grading machine settings for Douglas fir (IE & GB, C classes) (2018)
Report
Ridley-Ellis, D., & Gil-Moreno, D. (2018). TG1/201804/25rev Derivation of MTG grading machine settings for Douglas fir (IE & GB, C classes). Ljubljana: WoodProps for Ireland project

Grading machines MTG 960 mtgBATCH 962 mtgBATCH 966 MTG 920 mtgBATCH 922 mtgBATCH 926 Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (PSMN) Permitted timber sizes Thickness: 33 mm to 84 mm Width: 68 mm to 248 mm C35/16 C27/16, C24/C16, C24/14... Read More about TG1/201804/25rev Derivation of MTG grading machine settings for Douglas fir (IE & GB, C classes).

Timber properties of noble fir, Norway spruce, western red cedar and western hemlock grown in Great Britain (2016)
Report
Gil-Moreno, D., Ridley-Ellis, D., & McLean, P. (2016). Timber properties of noble fir, Norway spruce, western red cedar and western hemlock grown in Great Britain. Great Britain: Forest Research

The softwood processing sector in Great Britain has been built around the use of a very small number of timber producing species – predominantly Sitka spruce. The recent increase in outbreaks of host-specific tree pests and diseases has led to an int... Read More about Timber properties of noble fir, Norway spruce, western red cedar and western hemlock grown in Great Britain.

Combining of results from visual inspection, non-destructive testing and semi-destructive testing to predict the mechanical properties of Western Hemlock (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Bather, M., Ridley-Ellis, D., & Gil-Moreno, D. (2016, August). Combining of results from visual inspection, non-destructive testing and semi-destructive testing to predict the mechanical properties of Western Hemlock. Paper presented at World Conference on Timber Engineering

Current methods of assessing the mechanical properties of in-situ timber are limited, particularly with regard to estimating bending strength and stiffness. The aim of this research is to combine non-destructive testing (NDT), visual inspection and t... Read More about Combining of results from visual inspection, non-destructive testing and semi-destructive testing to predict the mechanical properties of Western Hemlock.

Using the right Modulus of Elasticity to get the best grades out of softwood timber species in Great Britain (2016)
Conference Proceeding
Gil-Moreno, D., Ridley-Ellis, D., & McLean, P. (2016). Using the right Modulus of Elasticity to get the best grades out of softwood timber species in Great Britain. In WCTE 2016 World Conference on Timber Engineering e-book Full Papers

The correct characterisation of modulus of elasticity in bending is fundamental for timber grading, especially when that property limits the allocation to a strength class. The aim of this paper is to empirically determine the relationship between EN... Read More about Using the right Modulus of Elasticity to get the best grades out of softwood timber species in Great Britain.

The timber resource in G. B.-more species for new challenges. (2016)
Presentation / Conference
Gil-Moreno, D., Ridley-Ellis, D., & McLean, P. (2016, April). The timber resource in G. B.-more species for new challenges. Paper presented at Young Researchers’ Forum III: Innovation in Construction Materials

Timber in Great Britain is mostly produced from Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Biotic threats have led tree growers to consider the planting of a wider range of species to offer a more resilient forest. There is little information on how this will... Read More about The timber resource in G. B.-more species for new challenges..

Comparing usefulness of acoustic measurements on standing trees for segregation by timber stiffness. (2015)
Conference Proceeding
Gil-Moreno, D., & Ridley-Ellis, D. (2015). Comparing usefulness of acoustic measurements on standing trees for segregation by timber stiffness. In R. J. Ross, R. Gonçalves, & X. Wang (Eds.), Proceedings: 19th International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium (378-385)

The paper presents a comparison of standard procedures to measure acoustic stiffness of standing trees and logs. The aim is to see how useful they are for predicting the properties of dry, sawn, timber for the purposes of resource segregation in indu... Read More about Comparing usefulness of acoustic measurements on standing trees for segregation by timber stiffness..

Strength class of minor conifer species, as estimated from log acoustic measurements, small-clear data and knowledge of wood property variation (2014)
Conference Proceeding
Gil-Moreno, D., Ridley-Ellis, D., & McLean, J. P. (2014). Strength class of minor conifer species, as estimated from log acoustic measurements, small-clear data and knowledge of wood property variation. In K. Schober (Ed.), COST Action FP1004 "Experimental Research with Timber" (214-218)

It is well known that wood properties vary from species to species. Additionally, trees grow wood in response to their requirement to grow in a certain environment. Therefore, timber properties also vary by region, by forest practice, and by the chan... Read More about Strength class of minor conifer species, as estimated from log acoustic measurements, small-clear data and knowledge of wood property variation.